Ingonyama Blog

ZK Benchmark Toolkit

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ZK Accelerate: RECAP & Link Hub

The success of ZK Accelerate was testament to the growing interest and development in the ZK space. As a hardware company, Ingonyama strives to set new benchmarks for the Zero-Knowledge community, and ZK Accelerate was no exception.

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Product Announcement: ZK-Containers

Ingonyama is the developer of ICICLE, which is the equivalent of PyTorch for AI, but for ZK proof generation. We are offering a new set of tools alongside ICICLE. Let us introduce the ZKDC framework, a set of secure and optimized ZK Containers for ICICLE applications and a set of scripts for deploying basic ZK datacenters.

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ZKPs, SIGINT and Psychological Warfare

One of the major escalation patterns we are witnessing in modern warfare is the amplification of acts allegedly done in violation of international treaties. This logic is generally based on gathered intelligence, which is often too sensitive to expose. ZKPs provide a way to maintain the confidentiality of gathered intelligence, while still allowing for disputes of false claims.

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AMD XDNA: Meet 2023 ZK Acceleration King

As the computational demand for AI inference increases at the edge and in the data-center, manufacturers are integrating power-efficient AI engines into their devices. AMD’s new AI-Engine architecture, called XDNA is one such example, and are currently available in select Versal FPGAs and laptop CPUs. What’s interesting for us, in the context of ZK acceleration, is their excellent integer multiply performance.

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ZK Score - ZK hardware ranking standard

There is importance in having a clear framework for comparing different ZK tech stacks. We argue that a good first step would be to use ZK Score: upper-bounding the proofs-per-Joule at the hardware level.

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Revisiting Paradigm “Hardware Acceleration for Zero Knowledge Proofs”

In April 2022, Paradigm.xyz released a blog post about ZK hardware acceleration. We go back to this piece with the goal of setting the record straight given certain inaccuracies in their analysis as well as presenting some new data points and arguments to enrich the original text based on our experience working in the field.

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Accelerating Filecoin’s PC2 Processing with FPGA on W3BCloud

We present design and implementation details of an alternative Filecoin PC2 accelerator based on FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Array), utilizing their low power compared to GPUs, thereby significantly improving the overall performance of PC2.

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Diving Deeper into Blaze: NTT Module

Introducing a new module for working with NTT on BLAZE - a Rust library for ZK acceleration on Xilinx FPGAs.

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ZK Movie: Behind The Scenes

Behind the scenes of our short film showcasing the realm of Zero-Knowledge Proofs set in a medieval fantasy world.

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Solving LLM Privacy with FHE

With the latest advancements, the best existing implementation of FHE can execute an arithmetic operation in just 35 microseconds.

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User Guide: ZK Acceleration of Gnark using ICICLE

In this blogpost we present the motivations, background, architecture, integration, and performance of ZK acceleration of Gnark using ICICLE.

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How to Beat Deep Fakes (Part 1)

Realistic Deep Fakes reached a tipping point in 2020, crossing the uncanny valley into dangerous territory. The application of Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) can address these vulnerabilities and enhance the security and reliability of the editing process.

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ZPU: The Zero-Knowledge Processing Unit

In this blog we propose the Zero Knowledge Processing Unit (ZPU), a versatile and programmable hardware accelerator, designed to address the emerging needs of ZKP processing. We introduce the ZPU architecture and design considerations. We explain the design choices behind the different parts of the ZPU ecosystem: ISA, data-flow, memory and processing element (PE) internal structure. Finally, we compare to state-of-the-art ASIC architectures for ZK and Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE).

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Fast Danksharding Video & Slides

Fast Danksharding video & slides presented by Tomer Solberg of Ingonyama at The Pit by Jump Crypto

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Introducing Blaze: ZK Acceleration for FPGA

Blaze is a Rust library for ZK Acceleration on FPGA. It makes FPGA integration into ZK projects seamless and easy. With Blaze, any engineer can instantly start working with FPGAs.

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Hardware Review: GPUs , FPGAs and Zero Knowledge Proofs

Hardware Review: GPUs , FPGAs and Zero Knowledge Proofs. An Overview of the Power of ZKP in Decentralized Systems, from scaling Ethereum to private Layer 1s, decentralized cloud, gaming, and more.

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RISC Zero Prover Protocol & Analysis

A companion work to the Risc Zero white paper, this is the Risc Zero Prover Protocol and Analysis

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ZK Hardware Table Stakes part 1 -MSM

MSM designs are table stakes for zk hardware acceleration. We expect that following the lead of ZPrize, new ideas and implementations will be brought to the open-source, public stage where they can be shaped, re-shaped and adjusted by users, among them ZK hardware companies, to solve real world ZK infrastructure problems.

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Unleashing Secure AI

Privacy concerns have long been a barrier to fully unlocking AI’s potential in sensitive industries. The addition of privacy-preserving technologies to AI systems will unlock generative algorithm’s greatest potential to humankind.

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Fast Danksharding using ICICLE

In this blog we provide technical details on our Danksharding CUDA implementation. Using ICICLE, we have implemented a flow that can run entirely in the GPU, with only the relevant outputs to be sent to a host machine and populated on the Ethereum network.

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Introducing ICICLE: An Open-Source GPU Library for Zero Knowledge Acceleration

Like earlier game-changing technologies in history, the road to mass adoption and scale goes through hardware. Today we are releasing ICICLE, a new CUDA-based GPU library, to support ZK acceleration for applications like Aleo and many others. As an example application, we also present “Fast Danksharding”, our Rust implementation of a Danksharding Builder.

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A Brief History of Lookup Arguments

Includes uses of lookup protocols, Plookup, Cq (like you have never seen before), and the evolution from Plookup to Cq. zk-SNARKs have evolved in recent years focusing mostly on making them more succinct and lowering prover and verifier time. However most SNARKs are still limited to arithmetic operations that can easily be converted to polynomials.

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How Zero-Knowledge Proofs Will Change Gaming Forever

Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) will transform the gaming industry. They can be implemented in two key ways: multiplayer gaming architecture and gameplay.

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Intro to ECNTT, presented at Starkware Sessions 2023

Intro to ECNTT from Starkware Sessions 2023

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Multi-Precision Fast Modular Multiplication

Improving modular multiplication, even by a little bit, can result in significant acceleration…So obviously, we at Ingonyama are obsessed with this problem.

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Hardware-friendliness of HyperPlonk

In this note we provide the hardware perspective on HyperPlonk. We focus on the main building block, the Multivariate SumCheck protocol and compare its computational and memory complexity to that of an NTT (Number Theoretic Transform).

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Zero Knowledge Proofs and the Metaverse

In the first week of December, 2022, the term “Metaverse” placed second in the Oxford English Dictionary’s competition for Word of the Year, a vote cast by over 300k people signifying a word or expression believed to have lasting cultural significance reflecting the ethos and moods of the past twelve months.

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The Z Games: Pushing ZK Provers to the Extreme

A competition for accelerating real-world ZK provers, inspired by ZPRIZE and the X Games. Aleo is a blockchain for privacy-preserving applications, powered by Zero Knowledge.

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Goldilocks NTT Trick

Polynomial arithmetic is at the heart of modern Zero Knowledge Proving (ZKP) systems. The Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) is a crucial tool in facilitating efficient computational complexity over large polynomials encountered in ZKPs.

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Introducing Ingonyama - Lowering the Barrier of Entry to ZKP

We are a next-generation semiconductor collective, designing accelerators for advanced cryptography. Our mission is to lead the pack, forging the bedrock upon which applications requiring Zero Knowledge Proof performance can be built at greater speed and scale.

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“Pushing the Limits on NTT Computation”

We report on the Winograd-based implementation for the Number Theoretical Transform. It uses less multiplications than the better-known Cooley-Tuckey alternative. This optimization is important for very high order finite-fields.

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Marlin & Me: A Deep Dive into the Heart of the Marlin ZK Protocol

In this article, we dive deep into the heart of the Marlin protocol introduced in [1]. The goal of the document is to provide intuition in the various technical steps involved in the protocol with necessary explanation wherever possible. We will assume some familiarity with protocols such as Groth16

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Bridging the Multichain Universe with Zero Knowledge Proofs

Bridges are communication protocols that facilitate the transfer of information such as messages, funds or other data between blockchains. While useful, building bridges is a risky business. Some of the most expensive hacks in blockchain history have targeted bridges alone.

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Systemization of Knowledge: ZK-Friendly Hash Functions

In this article we present a systematization of knowledge (SoK) on the usage of hash functions in Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKP’s). Since ZKP’s operate on finite fields, traditional time-tested hash functions like SHA256 are unsuitable due to overhead in proving and verification of large number of bitwise operations.

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Cloud-ZK: A Toolkit for Developing ZKP Acceleration in the Cloud

Zero Knowledge (ZK) technology is a fundamental building block for decentralized computing. Its two main applications are privacy-preserving computation and verifiable computation. For specific types of ZK such as SNARK and STARK-based systems, additional properties include public verifiability...

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A Mathematical Theory of Danksharding

Danksharding is the new sharding design proposed for the Ethereum 2.0 blockchain, which introduces significant simplifications compared to previous designs. In Danksharding, the Beacon block is a periodic data structure, constructed by a Builder, whose primary concern is to enable Validators to verify the correctness and availability of its data, using constant-time sampling and verification.

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PipeMSM: Hardware Acceleration for Multi-Scalar Multiplication

In this paper we present a new hardware design for MSM and implement it on FPGA. We conduct the first-ever comparison between FPGA and GPU.

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Fast Modular Multiplication

Modular multiplication is arguably the most computationally-dominant arithmetic primitive in any cryptographic system. This note presents an efficient, hardware-friendly algorithm that, to the best of the author’s knowledge, outperforms existing algorithms to date.

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Down the Rabbit Hole: Optimizing AWS F1 Direct Memory Access (DMA)

When implementing a system involving both software and hardware components, unforeseen issues always seem to occur at the interfaces.

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Sparkworks - Native Hardware Acceleration in Arkworks

We demonstrate integration of our cloud-ZK FPGA acceleration by running Arkworks Groth16 over the BN254 curve This work can easily be extended to support other primitives in the Arkworks framework and various System/HW configurations

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Polygon’s zkEVM Fun Facts

We spotted an opportunity to share some interesting data points on their zkEVM. zkEVM Prover is the most complex part of the code. zkEVM is mostly written in Go (Prover in C++) with some utilities in Javascript / Typescript.

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Poseidon-Hash Repository

Poseidon is a hash function designed to minimize prover and verifier complexities when zero-knowledge proofs are generated and validated. Until recently, developers using the Python programming language weren’t able to utilize Poseidon Hash, a ZK friendly hashing algorithm.

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Ingopedia: A Repo for all things ZK

A curated collection of: Resources, Articles, Lecture, Videos, Tutorials . Contribute to ingonyama-zk/ingopedia development by creating an account

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