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September 18, 2023

Revisiting Paradigm “Hardware Acceleration for Zero Knowledge Proofs”

In April 2022, Paradigm.xyz released a blog post about ZK hardware acceleration. We go back to this piece with the goal of setting the record straight given certain inaccuracies in their analysis as well as presenting some new data points and arguments to enrich the original text based on our experience working in the field.

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Developer Tools
ZK Hardware
ZK Applications
ZK Landscape
August 23, 2023

Accelerating Filecoin’s PC2 Processing with FPGA on W3BCloud

We present design and implementation details of an alternative Filecoin PC2 accelerator based on FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Array), utilizing their low power compared to GPUs, thereby significantly improving the overall performance of PC2.

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Developer Tools
ZK Hardware
ZK Applications
ZK Landscape
August 18, 2023

Diving Deeper into Blaze: NTT Module

Introducing a new module for working with NTT on BLAZE - a Rust library for ZK acceleration on Xilinx FPGAs.

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ZK Landscape
ZK Hardware
ZK Applications
August 15, 2023

ZK Movie: Behind The Scenes

Behind the scenes of our short film showcasing the realm of Zero-Knowledge Proofs set in a medieval fantasy world.

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Cryptography
ZK Applications
ZK Landscape
August 10, 2023

Solving LLM Privacy with FHE

With the latest advancements, the best existing implementation of FHE can execute an arithmetic operation in just 35 microseconds.

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Developer Tools
Ethereum
ZK Hardware
Cryptography
ZK Applications
August 1, 2023

User Guide: ZK Acceleration of Gnark using ICICLE

In this blogpost we present the motivations, background, architecture, integration, and performance of ZK acceleration of Gnark using ICICLE.

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Cryptography
ZK Applications
ZK Landscape
July 28, 2023

How to Beat Deep Fakes (Part 1)

Realistic Deep Fakes reached a tipping point in 2020, crossing the uncanny valley into dangerous territory. The application of Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) can address these vulnerabilities and enhance the security and reliability of the editing process.

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Developer Tools
ZK Hardware
Cryptography
July 3, 2023

ZPU: The Zero-Knowledge Processing Unit

In this blog we propose the Zero Knowledge Processing Unit (ZPU), a versatile and programmable hardware accelerator, designed to address the emerging needs of ZKP processing. We introduce the ZPU architecture and design considerations. We explain the design choices behind the different parts of the ZPU ecosystem: ISA, data-flow, memory and processing element (PE) internal structure. Finally, we compare to state-of-the-art ASIC architectures for ZK and Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE).

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Cryptography
Developer Tools
Ethereum
ZK Hardware
May 30, 2023

Fast Danksharding Video & Slides

Fast Danksharding video & slides presented by Tomer Solberg of Ingonyama at The Pit by Jump Crypto

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Developer Tools
ZK Hardware
May 15, 2023

Introducing Blaze: ZK Acceleration for FPGA

Blaze is a Rust library for ZK Acceleration on FPGA. It makes FPGA integration into ZK projects seamless and easy. With Blaze, any engineer can instantly start working with FPGAs.

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ZK Applications
ZK Hardware
ZK Landscape
May 4, 2023

Hardware Review: GPUs , FPGAs and Zero Knowledge Proofs

Hardware Review: GPUs , FPGAs and Zero Knowledge Proofs. An Overview of the Power of ZKP in Decentralized Systems, from scaling Ethereum to private Layer 1s, decentralized cloud, gaming, and more.

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Research Papers
Cryptography
Developer Tools
ZK Hardware
April 25, 2023

RISC Zero Prover Protocol & Analysis

A companion work to the Risc Zero white paper, this is the Risc Zero Prover Protocol and Analysis

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ZK Hardware
Developer Tools
April 20, 2023

ZK Hardware Table Stakes part 1 -MSM

MSM designs are table stakes for zk hardware acceleration. We expect that following the lead of ZPrize, new ideas and implementations will be brought to the open-source, public stage where they can be shaped, re-shaped and adjusted by users, among them ZK hardware companies, to solve real world ZK infrastructure problems.

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Research Papers
Ethereum
March 20, 2023

Unleashing Secure AI

Privacy concerns have long been a barrier to fully unlocking AI’s potential in sensitive industries. The addition of privacy-preserving technologies to AI systems will unlock generative algorithm’s greatest potential to humankind.

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ZK Applications
Cryptography
Research Papers
March 8, 2023

Fast Danksharding using ICICLE

In this blog we provide technical details on our Danksharding CUDA implementation. Using ICICLE, we have implemented a flow that can run entirely in the GPU, with only the relevant outputs to be sent to a host machine and populated on the Ethereum network.

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ZK Applications
Developer Tools
March 8, 2023

Introducing ICICLE: An Open-Source GPU Library for Zero Knowledge Acceleration

Like earlier game-changing technologies in history, the road to mass adoption and scale goes through hardware. Today we are releasing ICICLE, a new CUDA-based GPU library, to support ZK acceleration for applications like Aleo and many others. As an example application, we also present “Fast Danksharding”, our Rust implementation of a Danksharding Builder.

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Cryptography
Research Papers
February 22, 2023

A Brief History of Lookup Arguments

Includes uses of lookup protocols, Plookup, Cq (like you have never seen before), and the evolution from Plookup to Cq. zk-SNARKs have evolved in recent years focusing mostly on making them more succinct and lowering prover and verifier time. However most SNARKs are still limited to arithmetic operations that can easily be converted to polynomials.

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ZK Applications
Activities
February 13, 2023

How Zero-Knowledge Proofs Will Change Gaming Forever

Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) will transform the gaming industry. They can be implemented in two key ways: multiplayer gaming architecture and gameplay.

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Cryptography
ZK Landscape
Research Papers
February 8, 2023

Intro to ECNTT, presented at Starkware Sessions 2023

Intro to ECNTT from Starkware Sessions 2023

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Cryptography
ZK Hardware
Developer Tools
January 15, 2023

Multi-Precision Fast Modular Multiplication

Improving modular multiplication, even by a little bit, can result in significant acceleration…So obviously, we at Ingonyama are obsessed with this problem.

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Cryptography
ZK Hardware
Research Papers
December 28, 2022

Hardware-friendliness of HyperPlonk

In this note we provide the hardware perspective on HyperPlonk. We focus on the main building block, the Multivariate SumCheck protocol and compare its computational and memory complexity to that of an NTT (Number Theoretic Transform).

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ZK Applications
Activities
December 22, 2022

Zero Knowledge Proofs and the Metaverse

In the first week of December, 2022, the term “Metaverse” placed second in the Oxford English Dictionary’s competition for Word of the Year, a vote cast by over 300k people signifying a word or expression believed to have lasting cultural significance reflecting the ethos and moods of the past twelve months.

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ZK Applications
Activities
August 22, 2023

The Z Games: Pushing ZK Provers to the Extreme

A competition for accelerating real-world ZK provers, inspired by ZPRIZE and the X Games. Aleo is a blockchain for privacy-preserving applications, powered by Zero Knowledge.

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Cryptography
ZK Hardware
Developer Tools
December 13, 2022

Goldilocks NTT Trick

Polynomial arithmetic is at the heart of modern Zero Knowledge Proving (ZKP) systems. The Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) is a crucial tool in facilitating efficient computational complexity over large polynomials encountered in ZKPs.

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ZK Applications
Developer Tools
August 7, 2022

Introducing Ingonyama - Lowering the Barrier of Entry to ZKP

We are a next-generation semiconductor collective, designing accelerators for advanced cryptography. Our mission is to lead the pack, forging the bedrock upon which applications requiring Zero Knowledge Proof performance can be built at greater speed and scale.

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Cryptography
ZK Hardware
Research Papers
November 15, 2022

“Pushing the Limits on NTT Computation”

We report on the Winograd-based implementation for the Number Theoretical Transform. It uses less multiplications than the better-known Cooley-Tuckey alternative. This optimization is important for very high order finite-fields.

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ZK Applications
Cryptography
Research Papers
October 25, 2022

Marlin & Me: A Deep Dive into the Heart of the Marlin ZK Protocol

In this article, we dive deep into the heart of the Marlin protocol introduced in [1]. The goal of the document is to provide intuition in the various technical steps involved in the protocol with necessary explanation wherever possible. We will assume some familiarity with protocols such as Groth16

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ZK Applications
Ethereum
Activities
October 3, 2022

Bridging the Multichain Universe with Zero Knowledge Proofs

Bridges are communication protocols that facilitate the transfer of information such as messages, funds or other data between blockchains. While useful, building bridges is a risky business. Some of the most expensive hacks in blockchain history have targeted bridges alone.

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Cryptography
ZK Hardware
Research Papers
October 3, 2022

Systemization of Knowledge: ZK-Friendly Hash Functions

In this article we present a systematization of knowledge (SoK) on the usage of hash functions in Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKP’s). Since ZKP’s operate on finite fields, traditional time-tested hash functions like SHA256 are unsuitable due to overhead in proving and verification of large number of bitwise operations.

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ZK Applications
Developer Tools
September 4, 2022

Cloud-ZK: A Toolkit for Developing ZKP Acceleration in the Cloud

Zero Knowledge (ZK) technology is a fundamental building block for decentralized computing. Its two main applications are privacy-preserving computation and verifiable computation. For specific types of ZK such as SNARK and STARK-based systems, additional properties include public verifiability...

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ZK Applications
Cryptography
Research Papers
Ethereum
August 18, 2022

A Mathematical Theory of Danksharding

Danksharding is the new sharding design proposed for the Ethereum 2.0 blockchain, which introduces significant simplifications compared to previous designs. In Danksharding, the Beacon block is a periodic data structure, constructed by a Builder, whose primary concern is to enable Validators to verify the correctness and availability of its data, using constant-time sampling and verification.

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ZK Hardware
Developer Tools
August 18, 2022

PipeMSM: Hardware Acceleration for Multi-Scalar Multiplication

In this paper we present a new hardware design for MSM and implement it on FPGA. We conduct the first-ever comparison between FPGA and GPU.

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Cryptography
Developer Tools
August 18, 2022

Fast Modular Multiplication

Modular multiplication is arguably the most computationally-dominant arithmetic primitive in any cryptographic system. This note presents an efficient, hardware-friendly algorithm that, to the best of the author’s knowledge, outperforms existing algorithms to date.

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Developer Tools
December 4, 2022

Down the Rabbit Hole: Optimizing AWS F1 Direct Memory Access (DMA)

When implementing a system involving both software and hardware components, unforeseen issues always seem to occur at the interfaces.

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Developer Tools
ZK Hardware
November 23, 2022

Sparkworks - Native Hardware Acceleration in Arkworks

We demonstrate integration of our cloud-ZK FPGA acceleration by running Arkworks Groth16 over the BN254 curve This work can easily be extended to support other primitives in the Arkworks framework and various System/HW configurations

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Ethereum
August 18, 2022

Polygon’s zkEVM Fun Facts

We spotted an opportunity to share some interesting data points on their zkEVM. zkEVM Prover is the most complex part of the code. zkEVM is mostly written in Go (Prover in C++) with some utilities in Javascript / Typescript.

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Cryptography
ZK Hardware
Developer Tools
August 18, 2022

Poseidon-Hash Repository

Poseidon is a hash function designed to minimize prover and verifier complexities when zero-knowledge proofs are generated and validated. Until recently, developers using the Python programming language weren’t able to utilize Poseidon Hash, a ZK friendly hashing algorithm.

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Cryptography
ZK Hardware
ZK Applications
Developer Tools
August 18, 2022

Ingopedia: A Repo for all things ZK

A curated collection of: Resources, Articles, Lecture, Videos, Tutorials . Contribute to ingonyama-zk/ingopedia development by creating an account

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